History and Significance of Allegiance Oaths in Uganda

The recent swearing-in ceremony for the 12th Parliament in Uganda highlights a long-standing tradition of allegiance oaths, a practice with deep historical roots.

This ritual, where individuals publicly pledge loyalty, originates from ancient kingdoms where subjects swore fealty to their rulers. During Uganda’s colonial period, this allegiance was directed towards the British Crown. Post-independence in 1962, the focus shifted to loyalty to Uganda, a commitment now enshrined in the 1995 Constitution.

Article 81(4) of the Ugandan Constitution mandates that every elected Member of Parliament must take and subscribe to the Oath of Allegiance and the Oath of Member of Parliament before participating in House proceedings. This requirement extends to other public officials, including the president, vice president, ministers, and judges, before they assume office. Even court witnesses take an oath to tell the truth.

The oath typically involves holding a religious text, such as the Bible or Quran. However, the Constitution also allows for a ‘solemn affirmation’ for individuals who prefer not to use a religious book, with the same legal weight.

Political historian Mwambutsya Ndebesa views oaths as historical rituals that legitimize power. He explains that these pledges are intended to be upheld, with the implication of divine sanction due to the involvement of religious texts. Ndebesa notes that while oaths authenticate power, adherence to their commitments by leaders is often questionable.

Sarah Bireete, Executive Director of the Center for Constitutional Governance, emphasizes that the oath is a constitutional obligation, but its effectiveness is undermined by a lack of understanding among those taking it. She suggests that educational programs for newly elected officials are crucial to ensure they comprehend their duties before swearing allegiance.

Former MP Ken Lukyamuzi echoes this sentiment, describing the oath as a significant commitment that many treat as a mere formality without fully understanding its implications or their ability to fulfill it. Governance expert Dan Wandera Ogalo likens the oath to a binding social contract between leaders and citizens, obligating them to uphold their promises.

Source: Daily Monitor (Uganda)